In this study, we have analyzed the climate of Gorgan by using climatic methods and then according to the trends of climatic elements during a 17-year period, the future climate of Gorgan has been studied. Climatic elements have been predicted up to year 2015. To the study changes and the types of trends, lineal Regression was used during a 50 year statistical period (1956-2005). We used the software SPSS and EXCEL for statistical analysis. We also used WRPLOT View software for studying the wind speed. Temperature, precipitation, relativehumidity, frost, wind, Z-standard temperature and precipitation, and climate classification are the parameters that are studied in this paper. The results of analyzing the statistics are as followings: Gorgans temperature is almost steady and has little changes. Precipitation has a meaningfull decreasing trend in all seasons. Relative humidity has a meaning full increasing trend. Frost dose not have a ditinct trend. Western and south western winds are predominatnt winds of Gorgan and the wind speed is usually between11 to 17 knots. By analyzing Z-standard for temperature and precipitation, it became clear that Gorgan climate has changed in 1972. Also Gorgan climate is studied based on Koppen method, Mediterranean weather and Semi-Humid moderate Emberger method.

IntroductionENSO is one of the most important teleconnection patterns in the southern Hemisphere, affecting the worldwide climate. This phenomenon happens with the appearance of a warm water current in the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean. walker first demonstrated in 1924 that air pressure between the eastern and western regions of the Pacific Ocean oscillates like a seesaw., El Nino is more than a sudden warm water current along the coast of Peru. Because it is able to increase the temperature of a vast realm of the tropical pacific and can change wind direction and ocean current. As a result, clematises don't consider El Nino a single phenomenon, the southern oscillation Index (SIO)Is used to indicate the status of southern Oscillations, representing the strength or weakness of the walker circulation. this index is calculated by measuring the pressure difference between Darwin, Australia and Tahiti in the eastern Pacific Ocean. MethodologyDogonbadan located in Kukillueh, we used average temperature and precipitation for 1985-2006, And the numerical data of ENSO index.  to evaluate the impact of El Nino on the climate of Dogonbadan, the warm (EL Nino) and cold (La Nino) periods of Enso index were first identified using the numerical values. Subsequently, the effect of the El Niño event on the temperature and precipitation was studied by comparing the numerical values of the ENSO index with the temperature and precipitation data, and the results were analyzed graphically. Furthermore, the correlation between the Southern Oscillation Index and the temperature and precipitation was calculated and analyzed using Pearson's correlation coefficient. Resultsit can be observed that the ENSO index experienced significant fluctuations on a monthly scale., La Niña occurred in the years 1988, 1989, 1996, 1999, 2000, 2001, and 2006, while El Niño occurred in the years 1987, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1997, 1998, 2002, 2003, and 2005In some years, the Southern Oscillation Index was in a neutral state, and despite considerable fluctuations throughout a year, it cannot be considered as an occurrence of El Niño or La Niña, such as in the years 1985 and 1986.On an annual scale, the occurrence of the El Niño does not affect the increase or decrease of temperature. because in some years of El Niño occurrence, the temperature has a decreasing trend, while in other years it has an increasing trend. a comparison between the ENSO and the average monthly temperature, through calculating the Pearson correlation coefficient, does not show a significant relationship., it can also be said that on a monthly scale, the occurrence of the El Niño phenomenon does not have a significant effect on the temperature. Regarding the impact of El Niño on precipitation there is a significant relationship between the annual value of the Southern Oscillation Index and the total annual precipitation., there is a linear trend of increasing precipitation, which often coincides with the occurrence of El Niño, while a decrease in precipitation is seen during the occurrence of La Niña. The calculation of the Pearson correlation coefficient between the annual value of the ENSO index and the total annual rainfall reveals the influence of precipitation from the occurrence of the ENSO phenomenon. The inverse relationship between these two indicates a relative increase in precipitation during El Niño and a decrease La Niña DiscussionThe occurrence of ENSO can influence the climate of various regions of the globe by affecting Rossby waves, monsoon systems, ocean currents, and wind patterns.Considering the climatic situation of Iran and its location in the world's desert belt, which faces a lack of precipitation in most areas, along with the negative effects that periods of drought and excessive rainfall have on the country's water resources and consequently their direct impact on agricultural production and people's livelihoods, examining the effects of ENSO on the climate of the country seems important. Given this significance, this research analyzed the effects of this phenomenon on the climate ConclusionThe results indicated that on an annual scale, the linear trend of temperature has been decreasing; however, no significant correlation with El Niño and La Niña events was found. On a monthly scale, a comparison between the ENSO index and average monthly temperature through Pearson correlation coefficient calculation did not show a significant relationship between these two variables. Therefore, the influence of El Niño events on the temperature city is very minimal. Unlike temperature, the impact of El Niño on precipitation showed a linear increasing trend, generally with an increase in precipitation coinciding with the occurrence of El Niño and a decrease during La Niña events. There is a good correlation between the annual ENSO index and the total annual precipitation at the Dogonbedan station, indicating the influence of precipitation from the occurrence of the ENSO phenomenon. Based on research conducted by other researchers, the effect of ENSO on climatic elements, especially temperature and precipitation in the country, has been somewhat different.

Aim: The aim of this research is the future projection of climatic elements over the northwest Yazd province using RCP scenarios. Material & Method: This study uses simulating the climate variables, namely, precipitation and average temperature of Yazd province in the baseline period (2001-2020), by using the LARS-WG6.0 model and four models of CMIP5, for three possible emission scenarios (such as RCP 2.6, RCP 4.5, and RCP 8.5). By introducing the best model, it uses downscaling the climate variables for the future 2026-2055 and 2071- 2100. Finding: According to the results, BCC-CSM1-1 and NorESM1-M models are introduced as the best models in projecting the mentioned variables with low error and acceptable NRMSE. The most significant increase in the temperature variable will occur in the period 2100-2071 and RCP8.5, so the temperature in the NorESM1-M model increases from 1.13 to 3.93 degrees Celsius in scenarios 2.6 and 8.5, respectively. The amount of rainfall in 2071-2100 will decrease compared to 2055-2026, and in some stations, it will increase or decrease compared to the average of the base period. Conclusion: In future periods, the temperature will increase in the region and the greatest increase in RCP8.5. Precipitation in the future fluctuates so that it will have the most remarkable changes in RCP2.6. Innovation: In this research, for future projection of climatic elements over the northwest Yazd province using GCM-CMIP5 models and RCP scenarios (RCP2.6, 4.5, and 8.5). After analyzing the error statistics, we chose BCC-CSM1-1 and NorESM1-M models to project future temperature and rainfall and better understand the region's climate. Therefore, the results of this study can be applied to regional planning, including meteorology, water resource management, and combating desertification.

One of the pieces of information needed for tourists to travel to mountainous areas is the climatic conditions of the destination. Most tourists pay attention to the climatic conditions of the region when choosing a travel destination. In order to study the effect of climatic elements on human thermal comfort conditions, it is necessary to use human comfort indicators. In mountainous areas, climatic variables such as temperature, humidity, wind, sunshine hours and precipitation together create climatic conditions that affect tourism widely. Studying these conditions can provide tourists with the ability to make reliable decisions. The data used in this study include the data related to the average daily temperature, precipitation, wind speed, sunshine hours, water vapor pressure, relative humidity, which was collected from the meteorological station of Ilam province. To analyze the data, first the months are divided into three decades and then the tourist climate calendar is prepared and adjusted for this station by considering the climatic comfort indicators and the PMV method. The results show that the climatic comfort zone in Ilam station considering the studied climatic parameters except for relative humidity in June, July, August and September, which are the best conditions for tourists in Ilam.

Drought assessment and monitoring using traditional methods rely on rainfall data, which are limited in arid lands and often is very difficult to obtain near real time and costly. In contrast, remote sensing technology is a method for monitoring of large-scale drought. In this research, drought condition was analyzed using drought indices such as TVDI and NDVI from MODIS sensor data for the Yazd-Ardakan plain, Iran. First, relationship between the drought indices with climatic elements were detected. Coefficient of correlation between TVDI and SPI_6 and SPI_12 were 0. 68 and 0. 71, respectively. Correlation between NDVI and SPI_6 and SPI_12 were 0. 49 and 0. 51, respectively. Point correlation between TVDI and SPI_6 in 2004 (as a normal year), 2007 (dry) and 2012 (wet year), were 0. 64, 0. 78 and 0. 67 and for the SPI_12 in the above-mentioned years were 0. 65, 0. 79 and 0. 69, respectively. In other word, efficiency of the TVDI in 2007 is better than the other two years. Correlation of NDVI and SPI_6 in 2004, 2007 and 2012, were 0. 41, 0. 50 and 0. 56, respectively. The correlation between NDVI and SPI_12 in 2004, 2007 and 2012, were 0. 52, 0. 57 and 0. 59, respectively. TVDI which takes into account thermal and reflective bands, and soil moisture, is more accurate than the NDVI, which considers only amount of vegetation of the study area. Results showed that the relationship between vegetation and temperature is negative, while, the relationship between vegetation and precipitation is positive. Using of TDVI can compensate defects of the NDVI and used for identifying and monitoring drought.

Climate variables and their fluctuations dramatically affect terrestrial ecosystems and their variations. Vegetation indices have been used in numerous studies to investigate the relationship between ecosystem changes and climate parameters. In this study, GIS based spatiotemporal analyses were applied to model the relationship between vegetation variations based on the EVI-MODIS and its response to land surface temperature (LST) and rainfall in Mazandaran province during the period of 2000-2016. The LST parameter was derived from the MODIS data and rainfall parameter was achieved via meteorological station data in the region. Correlation and linear regression analyses were used to study the relationship between spatiotemporal enhanced vegetation index (EVI) and two climatic parameters. The findings indicated that the EVI had a rising trend over the study period which was mostly due to the increase in paddy fields. There was also a significant spatial correlation between EVI and LST which was significant and direct in the winter months and reversed during summer. The tabulate area analysis showed that throughout the winter months the spatial distribution of the highest EVI pixels matched to the maximum temperature pixels (20 to 27 ° C), while during June to September, the maximum EVI values were related to the areas in which the LST was less than 25 ° C. Although there was no significant relationship between EVI/MODIS and rainfall in studied area, they reached a peak with a lag time of 1/5 to 2/5 months in the spring. The final results showed that the temperature is the main EVI climate factor in region and MODIS products have high potential to reveal the spatiotemporal dynamics of vegetation, the impact of human factors and its relation with the climatic factors of temperature and rainfall in the region.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between climate change and skin cancer in Ardabil province. Multiple regression equations were used to analyze the relationship between climatic variables (frost, sunshine hours, mean humidity, maximum absolute temperature, minimum absolute temperature and average temperature) with changes in skin cancer at the stations. To determine the independent variables affecting skin cancer changes in the studied stations, a backward regression model was used. The results of this study showed that the correlation between climate variables and skin cancer in the studied stations is relatively significant and these correlations are often strong and significant at 0.01level with each other. The direct correlation between skin cancer and other climatic variables in the studied stations showed that the incidence of skin cancer in the warmer half of the year was more than the cold half of the year. Quantitative correlation coefficient and percentage of changes explained by backward model to justify the number of skin cancer incidence in the studied stations under the conditions of entry of all climatic variables and also in the case of removal of some low climate variables (entry of high-impact climatic variables ) showed that in the studied stations, the entry of all climatic variables in determination the amount of skin cancer incidence, between 79 and 91, and the withdrawal of single or multiple variables, and the remaining variables in backward regression model, range from 76 to 89 percent of these changes are explained.

In this study, by using the Mann-Kendall nonparametric method and Sen' sEstimator slope test, the trend of some elements including precipitation, average of maximum and minimum temperature and the number of snowydays Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province covers part of Zagros andZardkohe-Bakhtiari highlands, from which three major rivers includingZayandehrud, Dez and Karun originate. in an annual and monthly scale, wasevaluated in the stations of the province during a period of 30 years (1986-2015). The output was presented in the form of tables, graphs and iso-trendmaps as drawn in the Arc_GIS. The results showed that although changes inrainfall did not follow any specific trend in most months of the year, theamount of precipitation in the stations of Koohrang as the rainiest station inthe Province, Lordegan and Yan-Cheshme had a decreasing trend at thesignificance level of 99%; also, the the number of snowy days during Marchshowed a decreasing trend in Koohrang station. However, the averageminimum and maximum temperature in most areas of the province, in bothmonthly and yearly scales, except for the months of November andDecember, had a significantly increasing trend.

With respect to Mehrabad Station, District 5 is located at the longitude of 51o 19’, latitude of 35° 41’ and height of 1191 meters with special topographic conditions. the district is warm and dry in summer, and cold and dry in winter. The study on climate and architecture of District 5 is conducted aiming to use the climatic elements to provide comfort. The data of Mehrabad synoptic station during a 20-year statistical period (1981-2010) were used to achieve the goals of the present study. According to the methods such as Olgi and Climate Consultant (software), the bioclimatic conditions were used to determine thermal comfort zone. The results obtained from the research show that the appropriate direction for constructing building would be north – south direction stretching along east – west. If laws of architecture are executed using thermal comfort indices, duration of using heating and cooling units in building located in District 5 of Tehran will be reduced.